The nineteenth-century writer and Masonic scholar Kenneth R. H. Mackenzie (1833–86) studied occultism with Frederick Hockley, and met the famous French occultist Éliphas Lévi in 1861. He was also involved in the foundation of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. This extensive encyclopaedia, first published in 1877, is considered to be a classic Masonic reference work. It includes detailed information on the symbols, rites, legends, terms, people and places associated with Freemasonry. Some of the symbols are illustrated and lists of rankings are given, including a 'traditional' list of Grand Masters of England that includes Sts Swithin and Dunstan, Alfred the Great, Sir Christopher Wren (twice) and Charles II. Mackenzie aims in his entries to be critical when relevant: as he says in the Preface, freemasonry has 'received a willing tribute' in his book, but he hints at difficulties encountered in publishing material about a famously secretive society.
The epic poem by the Polish poet, writer, and philosopher spans five days in 1811 and one day in 1812 when Poland ceased to exist after being divided between Prussia, Russia, and Austria.
