The close connection between time and politics is central to many political debates. Turbulence, emergencies, and crisis politics have led to criticism about the marginalization of deliberative institutions, notably parliaments, as time pressures appear to have concentrated decision-making in small circles. Non-majoritarian institutions that do not follow electoral rhythms, such as central banks, are said to have gained in power. Some observers fear that democracy is being "timed out". By contrast, many analysts of public policy criticize democracy for its electoral time horizons. Some argue that policy-making for the long term, as, for example, in environmental policy, should be dealt with outside the realm of electorally accountable, "short-termist" institutions. Scholars of international relations have highlighted the importance of time rules and time pressures in structuring international negotiations. Normative and empirical political theorists have emphasized the temporal "subtex
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