Beyond Rigidity: China's Non-intervention Policy in the Post-Cold War Period

​1 Introduction1.1 Non-intervention in the Contemporary World1.2 Why China Matters Regarding Non-intervention in the Post-Cold War Era1.3 A Missing Piece in the Study of China's Foreign Policy1.3.1 Power-Pursuit Approach: Primary Motivation of the Rising Power1.3.2 Rationalism-Centered Approach: Cost-Benefit Calculations1.3.3 Norm-Driven Approach: Narratives on China's Socialization1.3.4 Non-intervention-related Research: Appreciation and Criticism1.4 Puzzles of China's Non-intervention Policy1.5 Methodology and Case Selection1.5.1 Methodology1.5.2 Case Selection Criteria1.6 Clarification of Terms1.7 Structure and ProcessReferences2 Interpreting (Non)-Intervention and Turning to the China's Case2.1 Introduction2.2 Dichotomies of Non-intervention/Intervention in Theory2.2.1 Non-intervention and Its Exceptions in IL2.2.2 Non-intervention and Its Predicaments in IP2.2.3 Conceptualizing Intervention2.3 Continuity and Evolution of (Non)-intervention in Modern International Societies2.3.1 Heteronomous International Society (1500 to Eighteenth Century)2.3.2 Bifurcated International Society (The Nineteenth Century to World War I [WWI])2.3.3 Universal International Society (Post WWI to Present)2.3.4 Characteristics of (Non)-intervention2.4 China's Approaches to (Non)-intervention in Its Diplomatic History2.4.1 China's Application of Non-intervention and Its Interventionist Behavior2.4.2 Dual Characteristics of China's Non-intervention Policy2.5 ConclusionReferences3 Exploring China's Non-intervention Policy in the Post-Cold War Era3.1 Introduction3.2 Deficiencies of Different Paradigms in Explaining China's Non-intervention Policy3.2.1 Macro-level Theories3.2.2 Micro-level Theories3.2.3 Summary3.3 The Marriage of Neo-classical Realism and English School3.3.1 The Approach of Neo-classical Realism3.3.2 The Insights of the English School3.3.3 Integration of the Two Approaches3.4 Motivations Underlying China's Non-intervention Policy3.4.1 The Determinant Role of Systemic Factors3.4.2 The Important Role of Domestic Constraints3.4.3 Casual Explanations for China's Non-intervention Policy3.4.4 Implications of the Causal Mechanisms and Reflections3.5 ConclusionReferences4 Authorizing Interventions: The Cases of the Gulf War, Afghanistan, and North Korea4.1 Introduction4.2 Case 1: Iraq's Invasion of Kuwait (1990-1991)4.2.1 Background4.2.2 China's Non-intervention Policy Toward the Iraqi-Kuwaiti Issue4.2.3 Summary4.3 Case 2: Antiterrorism in Afghanistan (2000-2012)4.3.1 Background4.3.2 China's Foreign Policy Toward Antiterrorism in Afghanistan4.3.3 Summary4.4 Case 3: The Sanctions Against North Korea (2006-2017)4.4.1 Background4.4.2 International Involvements and China's Responses4.4.3 Summary4.5 ConclusionReferences5 Conceding Interventions: The Cases of Crimea, Libya, and Darfur5.1 Introduction5.2 Case 4: The Crimean Issue in Ukraine (February-June 2014)5.2.1 Background5.2.2 International Responses and China's Attitude5.2.3 Summary5.3 Case 5: The Libyan Conflict (2011)5.3.1 Background5.3.2 China's Responses to the International Interventions5.3.3 Summary5.4 Case 6: The Darfur Crisis in Sudan (2004-2007)