What Milly Did ─ The Remarkable Pioneer of Plastics Recycling

Millie Zantow wanted to solve the problem of her town’s full landfill and ended up creating a global recycling standard the system of numbers you see inside the little triangle on plastics. This is the inspiring story of how she mobilized her community, creating sweeping change to help the environment.


On a trip to Japan in 1978, Millie noticed that people were putting little bundles out on the street each morning. They were recycling something that hadn’t taken hold in North America. When she returned to Sauk City, Wisconsin, she discovered that her town’s landfill was nearing capacity, and that plastic made up a large part of the garbage. No one was recycling plastics.

Millie decided to figure out how. She discovered that there are more than seven kinds of plastic, and they can’t be combined for recycling, so she learned how to use various tests to identify them. Then she found a company willing to use recycled plastic, but the plastic would have to be ground up first.

Millie and her friend bought a huge industrial grinder and established E-Z Recycling. They worked with local school children and their community, and they helped other communities start their own recycling programs. But Millie knew that the large-scale recycling of plastics would never work unless people could easily identify the seven types. She came up with the idea of placing an identifying number in the little recycling triangle, which has become the international standard.

Millie’s story is a glimpse into the early days of the recycling movement and shows how, thanks to her determination, hard work and community-building, huge changes took place, spreading rapidly across North America.

Includes an introduction, black-and-white illustrations, sidebars, sources for further information and an index.

Elise Moser was born in Brooklyn and spent her childhood in small-town New Jersey. She moved to Montreal and did an English degree at McGill University, then worked at Paragraphe Bookstore for many years. She went on to become a long-time sales rep for American university presses. Elise’s short stories have been published in Canada and the US, and her adult novel,Because I Have Loved and Hidden It, was praised by the National Post as [an] ambitious and artfully woven debut novel.” Her young adult novel,Lily and Taylor, received a starred review from Kirkus. Elise was president of the Quebec Writers’ Federation (20092012) and is also an editor. She presently divides her time between Montreal and Sauk City, Wisconsin.

Scot Ritchie is an award-winning illustrator and author with more than fifty books to his credit, most recently,P’eska and the First Salmon Ceremony. His books have been translated into French, Korean, Indonesian, Polish, Finnish, Arabic and Dutch. Scot has worked with the National Film Board of Canada, and his illustrations have been exhibited at the National Gallery of Canada. He lives in Vancouver.