Basic Introduction to Bioelectromagnetics

Although classical electromagnetic (EM) field theory is typically embedded in vector calculus and differential equations, many of the basic concepts and characteristics can be understood with precursory mathematical knowledge. Completely revised and updated, Basic Introduction to Bioelectromagnetics, Second Edition facilitates the process of interdisciplinary research by introducing life scientists to the basic concepts of EM fields.

This new edition outlines elements of EM that are helpful to life scientists working with physicists and electrical engineers. Each concept is presented with an associated application and discussion. Example applications include hyperthermia, neural stimulation, MRI, NMR, ultrasound, and cardiac pacing/defibrillation. With the liberal use of diagrams and graphs, this qualitative and illustrative point of access:



Covers the entire frequency spectrum from direct current (DC) up through optical frequencies


Includes more than 200 illustrations with 40 medical applications


Incorporates examples from real applications to explain concepts


Concentrates on the qualitative explanation of the key concepts, fundamental principles, and characteristic behaviors of EM fields, without mathematical rigor


Offers practical rules of thumb to understand real situations


Requires only an algebra background, in contrast to typical EM books that require vector calculus and partial differential equations


Offering a simplified view of a very complex subject, this second edition provides an accessible introduction for life scientists and medical technologists on how EM fields work, what controls them, and the factors important to experimental setups.

Electric and Magnetic Fields: Basic Concepts
Electric Field Concepts
Magnetic Field Concepts
Sources of Electric Fields (Maxwell’s Equations)
Sources of Magnetic Fields (Maxwell’s Equations)
Electric and Magnetic Field Interactions with Materials
Other Electromagnetic Field Definitions
Waveforms Used in Electromagnetics
Sinusoidal EM Functions
Root Mean Square or Effective Values
Wave Properties in Lossless Materials
Boundary Conditions for Lossless Materials
Complex Numbers in Electromagnetics (the Phasor Transform)
Wave Properties in Lossy Materials
Boundary Conditions for Lossy Materials
Energy Absorption
Electromagnetic Behavior as a Function of Size and Wavelength
Electromagnetic Dosimetry

EM Behavior When the Wavelength Is Large Compared to the Object Size
Low-Frequency Approximations
Fields Induced in Objects by Incident E Fields in Free Space
E Field Patterns for Electrode Configurations
Electrodes for Reception and Stimulation in the Body
Fields Induced in Objects by Incident B Fields in Free Space
E Field Patterns for In Vitro Applied B Fields
Measurement of Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields

EM Behavior When the Wavelength Is About the Same Size as the Object
Waves in Lossless Media
Wave Reflection and Refraction
Waves in Lossy Media
Transmission Lines and Waveguides
Resonant Systems
Antennas
Diffraction
Measurement of Mid-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields

EM Behavior When the Wavelength Is Much Smaller Than the Object
Ray Propagation Effects
Total Internal Reflection and Fiber Optic Waveguides
Propagation of Laser Beams
Scattering from Particles
Photon Interactions with Tissues
X-Rays
Measurement of High-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields (Light)

Bioelectromagnetic Dosimetry
Polarization
Electrical Properties of the Human Body
Human Models
Energy Absorption (SAR)
Extrapolating from Experimental Animal Results to Those Expected in Humans
Numerical Methods for Bioelectromagnetic Stimulation
Electromagnetic Regulations

Electromagnetics in Medicine: Today and Tomorrow
Fundamental Potential and Challenges
Hyperthermia for Cancer Therapy
Magnetic Effects
Proposed Bioelectromagnetic Effects
Emerging Bioelectromagnetic Applications

Appendices
Index