Chemistry for Environmental And Earth Sciences

Tackling environmental issues such as global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain, water pollution, and soil contamination requires an understanding of the underlying science and chemistry of these processes in real-world systems and situations. Chemistry for Environmental and Earth Sciences provides a student-friendly introduction to the basic chemistry used for the mitigation, remediation, and elimination of pollutants. Written and organized in a style that is accessible to science as well as non-science majors, this textbook divides its content into four intuitive chapters: Fire, Earth, Water, and Air. The first chapter explains classical concepts in chemistry that occur in nature such as atomic and molecular structures, chemical bonding and reactions, states of matter, phase transitions, and radioactivity. Subsequent chapters focus on the chemistry relating to the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere—including the chemical aspects of soil, water, and air pollution, respectively. Chemistry for Environmental and Earth Sciences uses worked examples and case studies drawn from current applications along with clear diagrams and concise explanations to illustrate the relevance of chemistry to geosciences. In-text and end-of-chapter questions with complete solutions also help students gain confidence in applying concepts from this book towards solving current, real-world problems.

* Self-Assessment Questions accompany nearly every section within the chapters; Answers are provided in the Final Chapter. FIRE Atoms and Elements The Structure of Atoms The Origin of the Elements The Periodic Table Electrons and Electron Orbitals Radioactivity Radiometric Dating Methods States of Matter Plasma Gases Liquids Solids Phase Transitions and Phase Diagrams Pure Substances, Compounds, and Mixtures Units of Measurement SI and Non-SI Units Scientific Notation and SI Prefixes Concentrations and Solutions Chemical Bonding Covalent Bonding Cations, Anions, and Ionic Bonding Metallic Bonding Electronegativity, Polar Bonds, and Hydrogen Bonding Chemical Structures Structures of Organic Compounds Three-Dimensional Structures, Chirality, and Optical Isomers Structures of Molecular Inorganic Compounds Structures of Extended Networks Chemical Reactions and Equilibria Chemical Reactions The Energy of Chemical Reactions Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier’s Principle Summary EARTH Formation of the Earth The Structure of the Earth The Structures of Silicate Minerals Silicates Formed from Isolated Tetrahedra — Orthosilicates Single-Chain Silicates — Pyroxenes Double-Chain Silicates — Amphiboles Sheet Silicates — Micas, Clays, and Talc Framework or Tectosilicates — Silica, Feldspars, and Zeolites Igneous Rocks The Composition of Igneous Rocks Crystallisation of Igneous Rocks Phase Diagrams Trace Elements in Igneous Rocks Mineral Stability Sedimentary Rocks Siliciclastic Rocks Carbonates Evaporites The Mineral Composition of Sedimentary Rocks The Chemical Composition of Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism by Recrystallization Metamorphism and Chemical Reactions Biological Reactions Weathering Physical Weathering Chemical Weathering Biological Weathering The Chemistry of the Soil Soil Organic Matter Ion Exchange and Soil pH Soil Pollution Summary WATER The Properties of Water The Phase Diagram of Water Water and Hydrogen Bonding Water and Heat Water as a Solvent The Water Cycle Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale Acids and Bases The Relative Strength of Acids and Bases Strong Acids and Bases Weak Acids and Bases The Self-Ionisation of Water The pH Scale Acid–Base Titrations Buffer Solutions Ions in Solution The Solvation of Ions Sparingly Soluble Salts and Solubility Products The Carbonate System Hardness of Water The Chemistry of Seawater Redox Chemistry Oxidation, Reduction, and Oxidation States Redox Potentials and Stability Field Diagrams Speciation The Redox Chemistry of Nitrogen Colloids and Suspended Particles Water Pollution Heavy Metals Nutrients and Eutrophication Organic Pollutants Marine Oil Pollution Summary AIR The Structure of the Atmosphere Evolution and Composition of the Atmosphere Biogeochemical cycles The Carbon Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle The Sulfur Cycle Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect The Ozone Layer Ozone Formation and UV Protection Ozone Depletion Air Pollution The Key Pollutants Urban Smog Dispersal of Pollutants Indoor Air Quality Summary ANSWERS TO SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS