THERMOPLASTIC STARCH

This first book on this new green material collates all the information hitherto scattered in journal articles and on websites, thus meeting the application-oriented needs of the reader. The contents stretch between many important areas, such as production and applications of biopolymeric material, fundamental knowledge and practical applications, and includes valuable experimental case studies, which can be directly used in industrial practice. All the data satisfies EU environmental regulations, which are the most stringent worldwide.

Leon P.B. Janssen is chairman of the department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Groningen, Netherlands. After his PhD at Delft University of Technology, he started working there and at the University of Delaware (USA). He has authored over 200 scientific publications and 5 books. He is member of the Royal Dutch Society of Sciences and the Royal Institution of Engineers. He is a visiting professor of Harbin Institute of Technology (China) and of the University of Surabaya (Indonesia). Leszeck Moscicki is head of the Department of Food Process Engineering of Lublin University of Life Sciences and Technology. After his PhD at Lublin Agricultural University he worked for four years at Wageningen Agricultural University after which he returned to Lublin. He authored and co-authored more than 150 scientific publications. He is a national delegate to International Association of Cerial Science and Technology, committee member of the Polish Academy of Science and several other Polish scientific and professional associations. He has been coordinator of several EU projects on processing of vegetable raw material.

Preface.
List of Contributors.
1 Biodegradable Polymers and Their Practical Utility (Marcin Mitrus, Agnieszka Wojtowicz, and Leszek Moscicki).
1.1 Natural Polymers.
1.2 Polymers with Hydrolyzable Backbones.
1.3 Polymers with Carbon Backbones.
1.4 Practical Applications of Biodegradable Polymers.
References.
2 Blends of Natural and Synthetic Polymers (Agnieszka Wojtowicz, Leon P.B.M. Janssen, and Leszek Moscicki).
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Starch in Blends with Polymers.
2.3 Mechanical Properties of Starch/Polymer Blends.
2.4 Compatibilizers.
2.5 Conclusions.
References.
3 Biodegradability and Compostability of Biopolymers (Agnieszka Wojtowicz).
3.1 Definitions and Norms.
3.2 Biodegradability of Starch-Based Products.
3.3 Biodegradability of Polyesters.
3.4 Photo-Biodegradable Plastics.
3.5 Controlled Degradation Additive Masterbatches.
3.6 Methods of Biodegradability Measurements.
3.7 Environmental Aspects of Biopolymers.
References.
4 TPS and Its Nature (Marcin Mitrus).
4.1 Structure and Properties.
4.2 Glass Transition Temperature.
4.3 Mechanical Properties of Granulates.
4.4 Conclusions.
References.
5 The Melting Process in Thermoplastic Starches 1(Agnieszka Wojtowicz).
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Melting Process.
5.3 Influence of Plasticizers on Melting Behavior of Starch.
5.4 Conclusions.
References.
6 Extruders (Leon P.B.M. Janssen).
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Single-Screw Extruders.
6.3 Pin Extruders.
6.4 Closely Intermeshing Twin-Screw Extruders.
6.5 Self-Wiping Twin-Screw Extruders.
6.6 Non-Intermeshing Twin-Screw Extruders.
6.7 Influence of Low-Viscosity Monomeric Feed.
6.8 The Mathematics of Extrusion.
6.9 Concluding Remarks.
Symbol List.
References.
7 Extrusion-Cooking of TPS (Marcin Mitrus and Leszek Moscicki).
7.1 Process Stability.
7.2 Specific Mechanical Energy.
7.3 Conclusions.
References.
8 Influence of Process Conditions on the Physical Properties of TPS (Leon P.B.M. Janssen).
8.1 Plasticizers.
8.2 Extrusion of Thermoplastic Starch.
8.3 Test Methods.
8.4 Glass Transition Temperature.
8.5 Tensile Strength.
8.6 Impact Strength.
8.7 Shrinkage.
8.8 Conclusion.
References.
9 TPS Film-Blowing (Andrzej Rejak and Leszek Moscicki).
9.1 Mechanical Properties of Films.
9.2 Concluding Remarks.
References.
10 Injection-Molding (Tomasz Oniszczuk and Leon P.B.M. Janssen).
10.1 Screw Injection Molding.
10.2 Injection-Molding Parameters.
10.3 Injection Technology Use and Development Trends.
10.4 Reinforced Injection-Molding.
10.5 Application of Natural Fibers in Processing of Biopolymers.
10.6 Chemical Modification of Fibers.
References.
11 Influence of Addition of Fiber on the Mechanical Properties of TPS Moldings (Tomasz Oniszczuk and Leon P.B.M. Janssen).
11.1 Theory of Reinforcements.
11.2 Experimental Data on Fiber-Reinforced TPS.
11.3 Critical Fiber Length.
11.4 Mechanical Properties.
11.5 Conclusions.
References.
12 Storage and Biodegradability of TPS Moldings (Tomasz Oniszczuk and Leszek Moscicki).
12.1 The Influence of Low Temperatures on the Mechanical Properties of TPS Moldings.
12.2 Evaluation of Biodegradability of TPS Moldings.
12.3 Concluding Remarks.
References.
13 Scaling-Up of Thermoplastic Starch Extrusion (Leon P.B.M. Janssen and Leszek Moscicki).
13.1 Introduction.
13.2 Basic Analysis.
13.3 Summary of Equations Used.
13.4 Kinematic Similarity.
13.5 Geometrical Similarity.
13.6 Motor Power and Torque.
13.7 Equal Average End Temperature.
13.8 Similar Temperature Profiles.
13.9 Similarity in Residence Times.
13.10 Guidelines for Scaling.
References.
Summary.
Index.