高級口語教程(第四版)（簡體書）

Lacking clarity
Different people may interpret the same words differently. Be as precise and clear as possible about your facts, and the interpretations and meanings you are deriving from them. Also, beware of abstract, overly-formal language,colloquialisms, and jargon, which obscure your message more than they serve to impress people.
Using stereotypes and generalizations
A speaker who makes unqualified generalizations, or fails to recognize that change that undermines his own clarity and credibility. Be careful not to get stuck in the habit of using stereotypes, or making generalizations about people,places or things. Where your goal is to communicate and connect with other people, biased language and general labels tend to create barriers. Another form of generalization is "polarization" or creating extremes. Try to be sensitive to the complexities of situations, rather than viewing the world simplistically.
Jumping to conclusions
Confusing facts with inferences is a common tendency. Do not assume you know the reasons behind events, or that certain facts necessarily have certain implications. Make sure you have all the information you can get, and then speak clearly about the facts versus the meanings or interpretations you attach to those.
Using disconfirming responses
There are a number of ways that we might respond to other people which have a negative effect on the communication between ourselves and others.Beware of: failing to acknowledge attempts to communicate and interrupting making an irrelevant response.
Lacking confidence
A lack of confidence can be a major barrier to effective communication.Shyness, difficulty in being assertive, or lack of self-worth can hinder your ability to make your needs and opinions known. Also, a lack of awareness of your own rights and opportunities in a given situation can prevent you from expressing your needs openly.
1. What are the common barriers that restrain people from communicating effectively with others?
2. To communicate effe~ely, what should be taken into account first?
3. In what way does polarization or creating extremes affect your effective communication?
4. In communication, why is it important for people to respond to others relevantly with confirmation?
5. Besides the barriers mentioned in the passage, can you list some other barriers to effective communication?