聚合物科學與工程導論(英漢雙語‧第二版)（簡體書）

“聚合物科學與工程導論”，是一門雙語課程，它是針對輕工範疇所有高分子學生而開設的，故而專業英語的針對性強，強調有實踐性的教材，實現教學過程的有的放矢。這本教材的編寫力求教學內容與形式上的改革，改滿堂灌為理論教學與實踐教學相結合，以理論為指導，以實踐為目的，實踐鞏固理論，理論指導實踐的循環教學模式，努力實現提高學生高分子專業英語能力，達到學以致用的目的。

從目前出版教材角度看，在知識體系結構上，全面闡述了高分子材料的基本理論、方法，並涵蓋了它在高分子分子理論，高分子材料製備，高分子材料加工設備，高分子材料加工工藝、高分子材料應用等內容，形成了一套完整的知識體系框架。 本教材選材應力求在有限的篇幅內盡可能涵蓋高分子材料與工程的學科領域，在內容上應力求反映高分子材料與工程學科的特點，並能較全面的反映了該領域近年的發展。課文正文應全部選用英文原版經典教材，使學生真正領會英文原版教材中專業知識的精髓。 本教材應該既可作為高分子材料與工程專業必修的基礎課，又可以作為該領域專業課的雙語教材或專業英語教學用書，也可作為從事高分子物理、高分子合成、高分子材料、高分子成型加工、研製及應用工。

留丹麥工學博士，丹麥聚合物研究中心研究員，天津科技大學材料科學與化學工程學院教授，博士研究生導師，主要從事高分子材料改性、結構與性能以及成型加工方面的研究。

材料加工工程學科學術帶頭人，任高分子材料與工程系系主任。

1985～1987在英國Bradford大學留學，在丹麥國家實驗室和丹麥技術大學留學，其餘時間在天津科技大學高分子工程專業任教。

主要研究方向：聚合物合金與高分子復合材料，聚合物材料的功能化料綜合利用技術，藥物緩釋包衣材料，聚合物成型加工技術等。

前言

 

本教材是中國輕工業“十三五”規劃教材，其前身是“高分子材料工程專業英語”, 2010年改名為“聚合物科學與工程導論”，是應中國輕工業出版社委託，及國內20幾所輕工院校高分子材料與工程專業的要求而編寫和修訂的。自1999年該教材被列為本科生必修專業課程以來，該教材被國內20幾所大學列為本科專業必修課程，經過近20年多屆學生使用，效果較好。此次修訂，除對第一版教材中各章內容，針對近年來的發展變化進行了修改和充實外，還增寫了聚合物熱分析單元。

本教材分為七個單元共45課，內容涉及聚合物發展史、聚合物科學基本概念、聚合物基礎知識、聚合物合成、聚合物性能、聚合物熱?析、聚合物材料和聚合物成型?工。

課文正文全部選用英文原版經典教材，使學生真正領會英文原版教材中專業知識的精髓。本教材既可作為高分子材料與工程專業必修的基礎課，又可作為該領域專業課的雙語教材或專業英語教學用書，也可作為從事高分子材料與工程研究領域的科技人員、教師及研究生提高業務及其專業英語水平的學習參考書。

本教材每課都附有練習題和閱讀材料，便於學生對課文內容的理解，其閱讀取材豐富，形式靈活，圖文並茂、直觀生動、深入淺出，簡明易懂。每課除正文和閱讀材料外，都標出了專業詞彙的生詞，並註有音標、常用短語和詞組， 並將課文的難點做了中文註釋，可與中文內容對照學習。教材書後列出了總詞彙表與術語的中英文對照表，便於查閱。

本教材由天津科技大學的揣成智、萬同、褚立強、王彪編寫。全書由主編揣成智，副主編萬同統稿。

在本教材編寫過程中，得到中國輕工業聯合會、中國輕工業出版社、天津科技大學及兄弟院校有關領導和同仁的幫助與支持，謹此致謝。

由於水平所限, 難免有不足和錯漏之處, 誠懇希望使用本書的讀者批評指正。

 

編者

2019年3月

 

Content 目 錄




PART 1 INTRODUCTION

第一部分 概述




Lesson 1 Introduction to History of Polymer Science

聚合物科學史引言

History of Polymer Science

聚合物科學史

Lesson 2 Basic Concepts of Polymer Science

聚合物科學基本概念

Basic Concepts of Polymers

聚合物基本概念




PART 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF POLYMER

第二部分 聚合物基礎




Lesson 3 Types of Polymers

聚合物類型

Chemistry of Synthesis

合成材料化學

Lesson 4 Configurational States

構型

Conformational State

構象

Lesson 5 Structure of Synthesis

合成材料結構

Bonding in Polymers

聚合物鍵合

Lesson 6 Chain Conformation

鏈構象

Chains with Preferred Conformation

有優勢構象的鏈




Lesson 7 Polymer Morphology

聚合物形態

Amorphous Polymers

無定性聚合物

Lesson 8 Molar Mass

分子量

Characterization of Polymer Molecular Weight

聚合物分子量特徵

Lesson 9 Polymer Solubility and Solutions

聚合物溶液和溶解性

The Thermodynamic Basis of Polymer Solubility and Solubility Parameter

聚合物溶解熱力學基礎和溶解度參數

Lesson 10 Transitions in Polymers

聚合物轉變

Orientation and Drawing of Polymer

聚合物取向和拉伸




PART 3 POLYMER SYNTHESIS

第三部分 聚合物合成




Lesson 11 Step-Growth (Condensation) Polymerization

逐步增長（縮合）聚合

Step Reaction Polymerization

逐步反應聚合

Lesson 12 Free-Radical Addition (Chain-Growth) Polymerization

自由基加成（鏈增長）聚合

Chain Reaction Polymerization

鏈式反應聚合

Lesson 13 Emulsion Polymerization（1）

乳液聚合（1）

Emulsion Polymerization（2）

乳液聚合（2）

Lesson 14 Ionic Polymerization

離子聚合

Bulk Polymerization

本體聚合



PART 4 POLYMER PROPERTIES

第四部分 聚合物性能




Lesson 15 Rubber Elasticity

橡膠的彈性

Purely Viscous Flow

純粘性流動

Lesson 16 Flow Curves of Polymer Fluid

聚合物流體的流動曲線

Time-Dependent Fluid Behavior

有時間依賴性流體的流動行為

Lesson 17 Polymer Melts and Solutions

聚合物熔融和溶解

Creep and Stress Relaxation of Polymer

聚合物蠕變和應力鬆弛

Lesson 18 Linear Viscoelasticity of Polymer

聚合物的線性粘彈性

Mechancal Behaviour of Glassy, Amorphous Polymers Phenomenological Models

玻璃態,非晶態聚合物的機械行為模型

Lesson 19 Time-Temperature Superposition of Polymer

聚合物的時－溫等效（疊加）

Temperature Dependence of Relaxation Time Spectrum

鬆弛時間譜的溫度依賴性










PART 5 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF POLYMERS

第五部分 聚合物熱分析




Lesson 20 Thermo-Analytical Methods

熱分析方法

Thermal Optical Analysis (TOA)

熱光學分析(TOA)

Lesson 21 Differential Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry

差熱分析和量熱法

Thermogravimetry

熱重分析法

Lesson 22 Dilatometery/Thermal Mechancal Analysis (TMA) and Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA)

膨脹/熱力學分析(TMA)和動態力學熱分析(DMTA)

Dielectric Thermal Analysis (DETA)

電介質熱分析(DETA)

Lesson 23 Thermal Behaviour of Semicrystalline Polymers

半晶態聚合物的熱行為

Thermal Behavior of Amorphous Polymers

非晶態聚合物的熱行為

Lesson 24 Thermal Behaviour of Liquid-Crystaline Polymers

液晶聚合物的熱行為

Polymers Degradation

聚合物降解




PART 6 POLYMER MATERIALS

第六部分 聚合物材料




Lesson 25 Plastics

塑料

The Historical Development of Plastics Industry

塑料工業發展史

Lesson 26 Polyethylene

聚乙烯

Polypropylene

聚丙烯

Lesson 27 Vinyl Resins and Polyvinyl Chloride

乙烯基樹脂和聚氯乙烯

Styrene Resins and Polystyrene

苯乙烯樹脂和聚苯乙烯

Lesson 28 Styrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN) and Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)

苯乙烯－丙烯腈(SAN)和丙烯腈－丁二烯－苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)

Polyurethane

聚氨酯

Lesson 29 Polycarbonate

聚碳酸酯

Nylon

尼龍

Lesson 30 Tetrafluoroethylene

聚四氟乙烯

Epoxy Resins

環氧樹脂

Lesson 31 Phenol Formaldehyde Resins

酚醛樹脂

Polyester

聚酯

Lesson 32 The Historical Development of Rubber

橡膠發展史

Synthetic Rubber

合成橡膠

Lesson 33 Rubber Materials

橡膠材料

Rubber Compound Design

橡膠配方設計

Lesson 34 Synthetic Fibers (1)

合成纖維 (1)

Synthetic Fibers (2)

合成纖維 (2)

Lesson 35 Adhesives

黏合劑

Five Organic Adhesives

五種有機黏合劑




PART 7 POLYMER MOLDING AND PROCESSING

第七部分 聚合物成型加工




Lesson 36 Introduction to Plastics Molding and Processing

塑料成型加工引言

Rubber Product Manufacturing Systems

橡膠製品加工體系

Lesson 37 Injection Molding

注塑模塑

Injection Molding Machines and Molds

注塑機和模具

Lesson 38 Extrusion

擠出

Extrusion and Flat Sheet Extrusion

擠出和片材擠出

Lesson 39 Blow Mlding

吹塑模塑

Blown Film, Flat and Wire Coating Extrusion

吹膜，平片和線材包覆擠出

Lesson 40 Calendering

壓延

Laminating Molding

層壓模塑

Lesson 41 Plastic Foam Molding

泡沫塑料模塑

Casting Molding

鑄塑

Lesson 42 Thermoforming

熱成型

Material Compounding of Polymer

聚合物材料的配製

Lesson 43 Rubber Mixing

橡膠的混煉

The Mechanisms of Rubber Mixing

橡膠的混煉機理

Lesson 44 Rubber Extrusion and Mixing

橡膠擠出和混煉

Rubber Calendering and Vulcanization

橡膠壓延和硫化

Lesson 45 Fiber Spinning of Polymer

聚合物紡絲

Principles of the Melt-Spinning of Polymer

聚合物熔融紡絲原理




Glossary

總詞匯表




Phrases and Expressions

常用詞和習慣用語索引




References

參考文獻

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

Lesson 1 Introduction to History of Polymer Science

 

Since the Second World War，polymeric materials have been the fastest-growing segments of the world chemical industry. It has been estimated that more than a third of the chemical research money is spent on polymers, with a correspondingly large proportion of technical personnel working in the area.

A modern automobile contains over 150 kg of plastics, and this does not include paints, the rubber in tires, or the fibers in tires and upholstery. New aircraft incorporate increasing amounts of polymers and polymer-based composites. With the need to save fuel and therefore weight, polymers will continue to replace traditional materials in the automotive and aircraft industries. Similarly, the applications of polymers in the building construction industry (piping, resilient flooring, siding, thermal and electrical insulation, paints, decorative laminates) are already impressive, and will become even more so in the future. A trip through a supermarket will quickly convince anyone of the importance of polymers in the packaging industry (bottles, films, trays). Many other examples could be cited, but to make a long story short ,the use of polymers now outstrips that of metals on a mass basis.

People have objected to synthetic polymers because they are not “natural.” Well, botulism is natural, but it's not particularly desirable. Seriously, if all the polyester and nylon fibers in use today were to be replaced by cotton and wool, their closest natural counterparts, calculations show that there wouldn't be enough arable land left to feed the populace① and we'd be overrun by sheep. The fact is there simply are no practical natural substitutes for many of the synthetic polymers used in modern society.

Since nearly all modern polymers have their origins in petroleum, it has been argued that this increased reliance on polymers constitutes an unnecessary drain on energy resources. However, the raw materials for polymers account for less than two percent of total petroleum and natural gas consumption, so even the total elimination of synthetic polymers would not contribute significantly to the conservation of hydrocarbon resources. Furthermore, when total energy costs (raw materials plus energy to manufacture and ship) are compared, the polymeric item often comes out well ahead of its traditional counterpart , eg, glass vs. plastic beverage bottles. In addition, the manufacturing processes used to produce polymers often generate considerably less environmental pollution than the processes used to produce the traditional counterparts, eg,polyethylene film vs. kraft paper for packaging.

Ironically, one of the most valuable properties of polymers, their chemical inertness, causes problems because polymers do not normally degrade in the environment. As a result, they contribute increasingly to litter and the consumption of scarce landfill space②. Progress is being made toward the solution of these problems. Environmentally degradable polymers are being developed, although this is basically a wasteful approach and we're not yet sure of the impact of the degradation products. Burning polymer waste for its fuel value makes more sense, because the polymers retain essentially the same heating value as the raw hydrocarbons from which they were made. Still, the polymers must be collected and this approach wastes the value added in manufacturing the polymers.

The ultimate solution is recycling. If waste polymers are to be recycled, they must first be collected. Unfortunately, there are literally dozens (maybe hundreds) of different polymers in the waste mix, and mixed polymers have mechanical properties about like cheddar cheese. Thus , for anything but the least-demanding applications (eg, parking bumpers, flower pots), the waste mix must be separated prior to recycling. To this end, automobile manufacturers are attempting to standardize on a few well-characterized plastics that can be recovered and re-used when the car is scrapped. Many objects made of the large-volume commodity plastics now have molded-in identifying marks, allowing hand sorting of the different materials.

Processes have been developed to separate the mixed plastics in the waste. The simplest of these is a sink-float scheme which takes advantage of density differences among the various plastics. Unfortunately, many plastic items are foamed, plated, or filled (mixed with nonpolymer components), which complicates density-based separations. Other separation processes are based on solubility differences between various polymers. An intermediate approach chemically degrades the waste polymer to the starting materials from which new polymer can be made.