銀行管理（簡體書）

constituents of a bank's capital base. These forms of banking capital were largelystandardized in the Basel I accord, issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Super-vision and left untouched by the Basel II accord. National regulators of most countries around the world have implemented these standards in local legislation. In the calculation of regulatory capital, Tier 2 is limited to 100% of Tier 1 capital.
Undisclosed reserves are not common, but are accepted by some regulators where a bank has made a profit but this has not appeared in normal retained profits or in general reserves of the bank. They must be accepted by the bank's supervisory authorities. Many countries do not accept this as an accounting concept or a legitimate form of capital.
A revaluation reserve is a reserve created when a company has an asset revalued and an increase in value is brought to account. A simple example may be where a bank owns the land and building of its head-offices and bought them for $100 a century ago. A current revaluation is very likely to show a large increase in value. The increase would be added to a revaluation reserve. The reserve may arise out of a formal revaluation carried through to the bank's balance sheet, or a notional addition due to holding securities in the balance sheet valued at historic cost. Basel II also requires that the difference between the historic cost and the actual value be discounted by 55% when using these reserves to calculate Tier 2 capital.
A general provision is created against losses which have not yet been identified.They qualify for inclusion in Tier 2 capital as long as they are not created against a known deterioration in value. They are limited to
1.25% of RWA (Risk-weighted assets) for banks using the standardized approach
0. 6% of credit risk-weighted assets for banks using the IRB approach
Hybrids are instruments that have some characteristics of both debt and equity.Provided these are close to equity in nature, in that they are able to take losses on the face value without triggering a liquidation of the bank, they may be counted as capital.Perpetual preferred stocks carrying a cumulative fixed charge are hybrid instruments.Cumulative perpetual preferred stocks are excluded from Tier 1. Subordinated debt is debt that ranks lower than ordinary depositors of the bank. Only those with a minimum original term to maturity of five years can be included in the calculation of this form of capital; they must be subiect to DrODeF amortization arrangements.