Guanxi or Li shang wanglai? Reciprocity, Social Support Networks, & Social Creativity in a Chinese Village
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Li shang wanglai is a phrase that combines practice and principle. It is what others have discussed as Confucianism. But it is the summation of what is practised in daily life and without the leadership of an elite intelligentsia. With this phrase the author has brought together what had been separately discussed: the social philosophy of bao (asymmetrical reciprocity), the central importance of mianzi and lian (face), the moral economy of renqing (human relationships of fellow-feeling), the art of making guanxiwang (social networks), and much else. She shows how they work together in what might be called a discursive constellation. Using sociological and anthropological theorisations of reciprocal relations in China and Japan, she creates a framework of four dimensions, namely, principled rational calculation, human-feeling, moral, and religious, and four kinds of relationships, namely, instrumental, expressive, negative and generous.
作者簡介
名人/編輯推薦
“Dr. Chang Xiangqun, in this in-depth monograph, revisits the village that the late Professor Fei Xiaotong studied 60 years ago in the Yangzi River Delta. Elaborating on Dr. Fei’s pioneering work on graded interpersonal relationship, Dr. Chang further articulates the concept of lishang wanglai as the analytical instrument to understand agrarian stability in traditional Han Chinese society. This work enriches contemporary understand of rural China.”
---- Huang, Shu-min, Distinguished Research Fellow & Director,
Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica
“Though this is not the first book dealing with the establishment, reinforcement, and conditions of mutual benefit of interpersonal relations and its "guanxi networks" in ethnic Chinese societies, it is certainly the first ethnographic report on such social phenomenon in today's PRC society after reforms. It uses the everyday life phrase of " li shang wang lai" (reciprocity) to depict and to develop the prevalence and importance of personalized social relations in China. ……It is a serious anthropological study, but it is also a readable reporting literature.”
---- Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao , Research Fellow & Director,
Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica
“Guanxi or Li shang wanglai is the first Chinese scholar’s book, in nearly 100 years, to systematically challenge important Western social anthropological theories of social exchange and reciprocity.”
---- Professor Deng Zhenglai, Fudan University, China
“Taking up the classical schema of reciprocal and impersonal relations produced by Marshall Sahlins, this book extends it and gives it life by showing how such a schema can work dynamically.”
---- Professor Stephan Feuchtwang, London School of Economics, UK.
“An excellent ethnographic account. This is how anthropology should be.”
---- Professor William Jankowiak, UNLV, USA.
“This book provides an important theoretical paradigm for the sociology of China. It is also a key to understand and interpret Chinese society and the Chinese people.”
---- Professor Li Qiang, Tsinghua University, China
“Both scholars and students will benefit greatly from it.”
---- Professor Charles Stafford, London School of Economics, UK
“This book is a major contribution to one of the most dynamic research literatures in Chinese sociology and anthropology. It will be vital reading for all sociologists who aim to understand the complexities of social relationships in this rapidly changing society.”
---- Dr. Norman Stockman, University of Aberdeen, UK
“This book is an inspiration to Chinese scholars and exercises a valuable influence on the international social science domain.”
---- Professor Wang Mingming, Peking University,China
目次
Recommendations from scholars
Preface
Introduction
I. The ESRC project on social support
II. The villagers’ usage of li shang wanglai
III. Research methods and research scope
IV. Researcher’s multifaceted position…
V. Arrangement of fieldwork materials and structure of the book
PART ONE VILLAGE PORTRAITURE
Chapter I Economic, administrative and informal systems
I.I. Economic development and villagers’ standard of living
I.II. Changes of administrative system
I.III.Kinship system
I.IV.Religious and spiritual beliefe system and villagers’practices
I.V.Relationships between villagers and the state
Chapter II Local customs (I)
II.I. Birth and growing up
II.II. Establishing the marriage relationship
II.III. House construction events
Chapter III Local customs (II)
III.I. Family division and elderly care
III.II. Funeral ceremony and post-funeral rituals
III.III. Annual cycle events
III.IV. Emergency events
PART TWO THE PRACTICE OF “LISHANG-WANGLAI”
Chapter IV Generous wanglai
IV.I. A case study of horizontal and vertical wanglai
IV.II. Horizontal wanglai in annual life cycle events
IV.III. Vertical wanglai in villagers’ festivals and religious life
Chapter V Expressive wanglai in life cycle events (I)
V.I. Birth and growing up
V.II. Establishing a marriage relationship
V.III. House construction
Chapter VI Expressive wanglai in life cycle events (II)
VI.I. Family division
VI.II. Elderly care
VI.III. Funeral ceremony and postfuneral rituals
Chapter VII Expressive wanglai in annual cycle and emergency events
VII.I. Annual cycle events
VII.II. Emergency: Natural and unnatural disasters
VII.III. Emergency: Illness and injury
Chapter VIII Instrumental and negative wanglai
VIII.I. Instrumental wanglai: top down and bottom up
VIII.II. Negative wanglai: vertical and horizontal wanglai
PART THREE “LISHANG-WANGLAI” MODEL
Chapter IX Theoretical approaches and exploration of “lishang-wanglai”
IX.I. Sahlins’s reciprocity, Polanyi’s redistribution and Parsons’s personalised relations
IX.II. Social support networks and “lishang-wanglai” networks
IX.III. Social creativity as motivation behind “lishang-wanglai”
Chapter X Review of related Chinese notions
X.I. Mianzi (mien-tzu)
X.II. Chaxugeju
X.III. Yuan and fu
X.IV. Bao (pao)
X.V. Huhui
X.VI. Guanxi (kuan-hsi)
X.VII. Renqing (jen-ch’ing) and ganqing (kan-ch’ing)
X.VIII. Yang and laiwang
Chapter XI Construction of the “Lishang-wanglai” model
XI.I. Li shang wanglai and “lishang-wanglai”
XI.II. Justification of lishang
XI.III. Lishang criteria
XI.IV. Clarification of wanglai
XI.V. Wanglai typology
XI.VI. Methodological implications of “Lishang-wanglai”
Chapter XII Tests and applications of the “lishang-wanglai” model
XII.I.Gaining access and getting to know informants
XII.II.“Lishang-wanglai”and social creativity
XII.III.A case study of “lishang-wanglai” beyond the village
Conclusion
I. “Lishang-wanglai” and issues of state and gender
II. “Lishang-wanglai” unified principle and typology of reciprocity
III. “Lishang-wanglai” combines a static model and dynamic networks
IV. “Lishang-wanglai”’s motivation is social creativity
V. Can “lishang-wanglai” be a general analytic concept?
Appendix
I. Conversion of Currencies and Measures
II.List of place names
III. Characters List
Bibliography
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